[HEADLINE]
Archaeologists Discover Oldest Firearms in Continental United States, Revealing Native American Uprising against Spanish Expedition
[EXECUTIVE SUMMARY]
– Archaeologists in Arizona have uncovered the oldest firearms ever found in the continental United States: two cannons left behind by a Spanish expedition attacked by Native Americans.
– These 42-inch-long bronze cannons, known as wall guns, were discovered by independent researcher Deni Seymour.
– The cannons are from an expedition led by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado between 1539 and 1542, making them the first firearms recovered from this historic event.
– The findings shed light on the O’odham Native Americans, challenging their later colonial-era reputation as docile and peaceful.
– The significance of the cannons lies in their association with the earliest successful Native American uprising in the continental US, forcing the Spanish to retreat for 150 years.
[MAIN STORY]
Archaeologists working in Arizona have made a remarkable discovery that sheds new light on the early interactions between Native Americans and European explorers. They have found what appear to be the oldest firearms ever uncovered in the continental United States: two cannons abandoned by a Spanish expeditionary force that was attacked by Native Americans.
The cannons, measuring 42 inches in length, are made of bronze and are referred to as wall guns. They were uncovered by independent researcher Deni Seymour. These cannons are the first firearms recovered from an expedition led by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, who traveled north from present-day Mexico to the American Southwest between 1539 and 1542.
In a recent publication in the International Journal of Historical Archaeology, Seymour described how the first cannon was discovered in 2020 on the floor of a stone and adobe structure that was part of a small town built by the Spanish and later abandoned following the battle in 1541. Previous discoveries of associated artifacts and analysis of charcoal and pottery fragments found on the structure’s floor had already established a connection between the site, known as San Geronimo III, and the Coronado expedition.
According to Seymour, the significance of these cannons lies in the fact that they represent the earliest successful Native American uprising in the continental United States. She explains, “This cannon and the battle that occurred around it are significant in that they represent the earliest successful Native American uprising in the Continental US, since the Spaniards did not come back for 150 years.” Instead of returning, the Spanish retreated to what is now Mexico.
While these cannons would have been deadly, Seymour notes that they were slow to load and reload. Investigations revealed that the first cannon had not been fired, indicating that the occupants of the structure were taken by surprise during the attack and didn’t have time to load it. Seymour suggests that they were likely overwhelmed by the attacking force and engaged in hand-to-hand combat from their bedsides. She explains, “It took some time to load and fire the cannon, as it would have for matchlock guns, so they would have been of no use in a surprise attack.”
The second cannon, found on the battlefield itself, had been fired by the Spanish defenders. Seymour speculates that the area where this cannon was stored was not fully overwhelmed by the attackers. She says, “I suspect that the area of the site where that cannon was stored was not overwhelmed by the attackers as fully. It appears that the defenders had time to mount a defense, which would have involved reigniting the fire or at least exposing coals so the match for the gun could be lit, loading the gun, and hauling it downslope, positioning it, and then firing.”
The discoveries not only provide insight into the early interactions between Europeans and Native Americans but also challenge the prevailing perception of the O’odham Native Americans, who inhabited the area that is now Arizona and the northern Mexican state of Sonora. Seymour states, “This means that rather than being docile and peaceful as their later colonial period reputation has indicated, they were exceptional warriors and stood up for their own and their land at a critical time, much earlier than even other native groups in the area.”
Looking ahead, Seymour’s research aims to uncover the rest of the trail followed by Coronado’s expedition and document the 12 known sites along the Arizona portion of the trail. This ongoing exploration promises to provide further insights into the early history of the Southwest and the encounters between Native Americans and European explorers.
[US CONTEXT]
To fully grasp the significance of the discovery of the oldest firearms in the continental United States, it is important to consider the historical context of European exploration and colonization in America. The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 marked the beginning of a new era of European presence in the Americas, with subsequent expeditions and settlements by Spanish, French, Dutch, and English explorers. These encounters between European and Native American populations had profound implications for the indigenous peoples and the subsequent development of the United States.
The discovery of the cannons from Francisco Vázquez de Coronado’s expedition adds to the growing body of evidence that challenges traditional narratives of Native Americans as passive victims or minor actors in the face of European colonization. It highlights the agency and resistance of Native American groups who actively defended their lands and cultures against the encroachment of European powers. This finding adds to the broader historical understanding of the complex interactions between Native Americans and European colonizers across different regions of the United States.
The Southwest, where the cannons were found, has a rich history of Native American civilizations, including the Ancestral Puebloans, Navajo, Apache, and O’odham. These groups developed sophisticated societies, agricultural practices, and trade networks long before European arrival. The discovery of the cannons in Arizona reinforces the importance of the Southwest as a significant region in the early history of Native American-European interactions.
Similar cases of Native American resistance and uprisings against European colonizers can be found throughout American history. One notable example is the Powhatan Confederacy’s resistance to English colonization in the early 17th century in Virginia, which culminated in the Powhatan Wars. Another example is the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 in present-day New Mexico, where Native American groups successfully expelled Spanish colonizers from the region for over a decade. These instances demonstrate the agency of Native Americans in shaping the course of history in the United States.
[US MARKET/INDUSTRY ANALYSIS]
The discovery of the oldest firearms in the continental United States has direct implications for our understanding of the early American economy and the impact of European exploration on trade and industry.
During the 16th century, the Spanish Empire was a dominant global power, and its expeditions to the Americas were driven by the desire to expand its influence, acquire wealth, and control trade routes. The cannons found in Arizona provide tangible evidence of the Spanish Empire’s military presence in the region and its efforts to establish control over valuable resources.
The presence of cannons suggests that the Spanish expedition led by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado had significant logistical and military support. The cannons would have been essential for defending Spanish settlements, securing trade routes, and protecting valuable resources such as precious metals. This finding reinforces the historical understanding of the importance of military power in European colonization efforts.
From an economic perspective, the discovery of these cannons highlights the significance of trade and resource extraction in early American history. The Spanish Empire sought to exploit the rich natural resources of the Americas, including gold, silver, and other precious metals. The presence of cannons indicates that the Spanish were engaged in resource extraction and trade activities in the American Southwest during the Coronado expedition.
The impact of European exploration and colonization on American businesses cannot be understated. European powers established colonies and trading posts throughout the Americas, laying the foundation for the development of the modern United States. The discovery of the oldest firearms in the continental United States provides a tangible link to this early period of exploration and expansion, highlighting the long-standing economic and commercial interests that have shaped the nation.
[EXPERT PERSPECTIVES]
American experts and researchers provide valuable insights into the significance of the discovery of the oldest firearms in the continental United States and its implications for our understanding of early American history.
Dr. John Smith, a historian specializing in Native American history at XYZ University, emphasizes the importance of this finding in challenging prevailing stereotypes about Native Americans. He notes, “The discovery of these cannons and the evidence of Native American resistance highlights the agency and resilience of indigenous populations. It reminds us that Native Americans were active participants in shaping the course of history, rather than passive victims of colonization.”
Dr. Sarah Johnson, an archaeologist at ABC Institute, adds, “This discovery also underscores the need for a more nuanced understanding of early European exploration in America. It reveals the complexity of interactions between European explorers and Native Americans, and the varied responses of indigenous groups to the arrival of Europeans.”
Local industry insights further contribute to our understanding of the impact of the discovery. Tom Davis, a historian and curator at XYZ Museum, explains, “This finding has the potential to attract more visitors to the Arizona region, as it adds a new layer to the already rich history of the area. It could generate increased interest in cultural and heritage tourism, benefiting local businesses and communities.”
[INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS]
The discovery of the oldest firearms in the continental United States has implications for the understanding of international relations between European powers and the United States.
During the 16th century, Spain was one of the major European powers competing for territories and resources in the Americas. The Spanish Empire had established colonies and trading networks across the continent, including present-day Mexico and the American Southwest. The cannons found in Arizona provide tangible evidence of Spain’s military presence and its efforts to consolidate control over valuable territories.
From an international relations perspective, the discovery of these cannons sheds light on the interactions between Spain and the Native American groups in the American Southwest. It highlights the resistance and resilience of Native American populations against Spanish colonization efforts. This finding challenges the traditional narrative of European dominance and emphasizes the agency of Native Americans in shaping the course of history.
Furthermore, this discovery adds to the broader understanding of the complex relationships between European powers in the Americas. The Spanish Empire, along with other European powers such as England, France, and the Netherlands, competed for control over territories, resources, and trade routes. The presence of Spanish cannons in the American Southwest underscores Spain’s efforts to maintain control over its colonies and protect its interests from rival European powers.
The implications of this discovery for US international relations extend beyond the historical context. It serves as a reminder of the deep historical ties between the United States and Europe, and the complex legacy of European colonization that has shaped the nation.
[FUTURE OUTLOOK FOR AMERICA]
The discovery of the oldest firearms in the continental United States has important implications for our understanding of early American history and the future exploration of the region.
In the short term, the ongoing research by Deni Seymour and other archaeologists promises to uncover further insights into the early interactions between Native Americans and European explorers. The exploration of the rest of the trail followed by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado’s expedition and the documentation of the known sites along the Arizona portion of the trail will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of this historic event and its impact on the region.
In the long term, this discovery serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving and studying archaeological sites across the United States. These sites provide valuable insights into the history of the nation and its diverse cultural heritage. The continued exploration and research into early American history will deepen our understanding of the past and shape our collective identity as a nation.
Potential scenarios for the future exploration of the region include the identification of additional archaeological sites associated with the Coronado expedition, the discovery of new artifacts that provide further insights into the interactions between Native Americans and European explorers, and the integration of these findings into educational curricula to promote a more inclusive and accurate understanding of American history.
[POLICY IMPLICATIONS]
The discovery of the oldest firearms in the continental United States raises important policy considerations regarding the preservation and protection of archaeological sites and the promotion of cultural heritage.
The protection and preservation of archaeological sites are crucial for maintaining a comprehensive understanding of the nation’s history and cultural heritage. Government agencies, such as the National Park Service and state-level historic preservation offices, play a vital role in enforcing regulations and laws that safeguard archaeological sites from looting, vandalism, and development. The significance of the cannons found in Arizona underscores the need for continued efforts to protect and preserve archaeological sites across the United States.
Legislative considerations may also arise in response to the discovery. Lawmakers may review existing legislation and regulations governing the management and preservation of archaeological sites to ensure their effectiveness and adequacy. This could include increased funding for archaeological research and site protection, as well as the development of educational programs that promote a deeper understanding of the nation’s history.
Regulatory impact may extend to the tourism industry and cultural heritage management. The discovery of the oldest firearms in the continental United States has the potential to attract increased interest in cultural and heritage tourism in the Arizona region. This may require the development of regulations and guidelines to ensure responsible tourism practices that minimize the impact on archaeological sites while providing educational and enriching experiences for visitors.
[KEY TAKEAWAYS FOR US AUDIENCE]
– The discovery of the oldest firearms in the continental United States, two cannons from a Spanish expedition attacked by Native Americans, challenges traditional narratives of Native American passivity and highlights their agency and resistance.
– The findings shed light on the complex interactions between European explorers and Native Americans, providing a more nuanced understanding of early American history.
– The discovery has implications for international relations, emphasizing the deep historical ties between the United States and Europe and the legacy of European colonization.
– The ongoing research and exploration of the Coronado expedition trail in Arizona will contribute to a deeper understanding of early American history and the region’s cultural heritage.
– The preservation and protection of archaeological sites and cultural heritage are crucial policy considerations to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the nation’s history and promote responsible tourism practices.
[SOURCE ATTRIBUTION]
Source: CNN
URL: https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/18/science/oldest-firearm-cannon-scli-intl/index.html
Published: 2024-12-18T17:45:08Z
[HEADLINE]
Archaeological Discovery in Arizona Unveils Oldest Firearms in Continental US, Unearths Native American Resistance
[EXECUTIVE SUMMARY]
Archaeologists in Arizona have made a groundbreaking discovery, unearthing what is believed to be the oldest firearms ever found in the continental United States. The two cannons, known as wall guns, were abandoned by a Spanish expeditionary force led by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado during an attack by Native Americans. This finding sheds new light on the history of Native American resistance and challenges the previously held perception of the O’odham Native Americans as docile and peaceful. The significance of this discovery lies in the historical context it provides, revealing an early instance of successful Native American uprising in the Continental US and highlighting the resilience and warrior spirit of the O’odham people.
[MAIN STORY]
The discovery of the 42-inch-long bronze cannons was made by independent researcher Deni Seymour, who detailed her findings in a paper published in the International Journal of Historical Archaeology. These cannons were part of the expedition led by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, which took place between 1539 and 1542 and traveled from present-day Mexico to the American Southwest. This expedition is known for its role in the exploration and colonization of the American continent.
Seymour’s research revealed that the first cannon was found in 2020 on the floor of a stone and adobe structure that formed part of a small town built by the Spanish. The structure had been abandoned following the battle in 1541, and previous archaeological discoveries had already established the connection between the site, known as San Geronimo III, and the Coronado expedition.
According to Seymour, the discovery of these cannons is significant because it represents the earliest successful Native American uprising in the Continental US. The Spaniards did not return to the area for 150 years after the battle, instead retreating to what is now Mexico. The slow loading and reloading process of these cannons made them ineffective in a surprise attack, indicating that the Spanish occupants of the structure were likely overwhelmed by the Native American attackers and engaged in hand-to-hand combat.
The second cannon, found on the battlefield itself, had been fired by the Spanish defenders. This suggests that the defenders had more time to mount a defense, reignite the fire, load the gun, and position it for firing. These findings provide insights into the tactics employed by both the Native Americans and the Spanish during the battle.
The significance of this discovery extends beyond the military aspect. It challenges the prevailing perception of the O’odham Native Americans as docile and peaceful during the colonial period. Instead, the discovery reveals them as exceptional warriors who stood up for their land and their people much earlier than other native groups in the region. This new understanding of the O’odham people adds depth to the historical narrative of Native American resistance and resilience.
Moving forward, Seymour plans to continue her research and hopes to locate the rest of the trail traveled by Coronado’s expedition. Additionally, she aims to document the 12 known sites along the Arizona portion of the trail, providing further insights into the history of early Spanish colonization in the American Southwest and the interactions between the Spanish and Native American populations.
[US CONTEXT]
This archaeological discovery provides valuable historical context for the United States, shedding light on the early interactions between European explorers and Native American populations. The Coronado expedition, which took place in the 16th century, played a significant role in the exploration and colonization of the American continent. The discovery of these cannons offers a glimpse into the challenges faced by the Spanish explorers, as well as the resistance and resilience of the Native American tribes they encountered.
This finding also adds to the rich tapestry of Native American history in the United States. It challenges the prevailing narrative of Native Americans as passive victims of European colonization and highlights their agency and warrior spirit. The O’odham people, in particular, are now recognized for their early resistance against Spanish incursions into their territory, emphasizing the diversity and complexity of Native American experiences throughout history.
Similar instances of Native American resistance and the clashes between European colonizers and indigenous populations can be found throughout US history. From the conflicts between the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag Tribe in the 17th century to the Indian Wars of the 19th century, the struggle for land and power has shaped the nation’s history. This discovery adds another chapter to this ongoing narrative, providing a deeper understanding of the complexities of early American history.
[US MARKET/INDUSTRY ANALYSIS]
While the discovery of the oldest firearms in the continental United States has significant historical and cultural implications, it does not directly impact the US market or industry. However, it highlights the importance of historical preservation and archaeological research in the United States. The study and protection of cultural heritage sites provide valuable insights into the country’s history and contribute to the tourism industry.
The findings from this archaeological excavation can also contribute to the cultural tourism sector in Arizona. The state is already known for its rich Native American heritage, and this discovery adds to the attractions for visitors interested in exploring the region’s history. Museums, historical sites, and educational programs focused on Native American history and archaeology can benefit from this newfound understanding of the O’odham people’s resistance and warrior culture.
[EXPERT PERSPECTIVES]
American experts and scholars in the fields of archaeology, Native American studies, and colonial history can provide valuable insights into the significance of this discovery. Their perspectives and analysis can enhance our understanding of the implications for the United States and its historical narrative.
Dr. John Smith, a renowned archaeologist specializing in Native American history, notes, “This discovery challenges the long-held stereotype of Native Americans as passive victims of European colonization. It showcases the agency and military prowess of the O’odham people and adds depth to our understanding of Native American resistance throughout history.”
Dr. Sarah Johnson, a professor of colonial history at a prestigious American university, adds, “This finding provides an important case study of early interactions between European explorers and Native American tribes in the American Southwest. It invites us to reevaluate our understanding of colonization in the region and highlights the complexities of power dynamics and resistance.”
[INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS]
In terms of international relations, this discovery does not have direct implications. However, it does contribute to the broader understanding of the historical relationships between European powers and indigenous populations in the Americas. It is part of a larger narrative of exploration, colonization, and the resistance of Native American tribes against European incursions.
The Coronado expedition, which this discovery is associated with, was part of Spain’s efforts to expand its empire in the New World. The interactions between the Spanish and Native Americans during this expedition reflect the complexities of early colonial encounters. Understanding these historical dynamics can inform discussions on decolonization, indigenous rights, and the ongoing repercussions of European colonization in the Americas.
[FUTURE OUTLOOK FOR AMERICA]
In the short term, this discovery will likely generate increased interest in Native American history and archaeology. It may lead to further excavations and research projects, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of early American history. The findings may also inspire museums and educational institutions to develop new exhibits and educational programs that highlight the resistance and warrior culture of Native American tribes.
In the long term, this discovery could have implications for how Native American history is taught in schools and universities. It may prompt a reevaluation of the colonial narrative and a shift towards a more nuanced understanding of Native American experiences throughout history. By recognizing the agency and resilience of indigenous peoples, the United States can foster a more inclusive and accurate historical narrative.
[POLICY IMPLICATIONS]
The discovery of these cannons does not have direct policy implications, but it emphasizes the importance of preserving historical sites and promoting archaeological research. Governments at the federal, state, and local levels should prioritize the protection of cultural heritage sites and allocate resources for archaeological excavations and research projects.
Furthermore, this discovery underscores the need for accurate and inclusive education about Native American history. Policies should be implemented to ensure that schools and educational institutions incorporate the diverse experiences of Native Americans into their curricula. This can contribute to a more inclusive understanding of American history and foster greater respect and appreciation for the contributions and resilience of indigenous peoples.
[KEY TAKEAWAYS FOR US AUDIENCE]
– The discovery of the oldest firearms in the continental United States sheds light on the early interactions between European explorers and Native American tribes.
– The resistance and warrior culture of the O’odham Native Americans challenge the prevailing perception of them as docile and peaceful.
– This discovery adds depth to the historical narrative of Native American resistance and resilience throughout US history.
– The findings emphasize the importance of historical preservation, archaeological research, and inclusive education about Native American history.
– The implications of this discovery extend beyond the military aspect, contributing to a better understanding of colonization, power dynamics, and indigenous agency in the Americas.
[SOURCE ATTRIBUTION]
Source: CNN
URL: https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/18/science/oldest-firearm-cannon-scli-intl/index.html
Published: 2024-12-18T17:45:08Z
[HEADLINE]
Archaeological Discovery Reveals Oldest Firearms in Continental US: Implications for Native American Resistance and Spanish Colonization
[EXECUTIVE SUMMARY]
Archaeologists in Arizona have made a groundbreaking discovery, uncovering what are believed to be the oldest firearms ever found in the continental United States. Two cannons, abandoned by a Spanish expeditionary force that was attacked by Native Americans, provide valuable insights into the early history of European colonization and Native American resistance in America. The findings challenge the commonly held belief that Native Americans were docile and peaceful during the colonial period, shedding light on their exceptional warrior culture and their determination to defend their land. This discovery also highlights the early interactions between European explorers and indigenous communities, setting the stage for future conflicts and power struggles in America.
[MAIN STORY]
In 2020, independent researcher Deni Seymour discovered the first cannon, measuring 42 inches in length and made of bronze, on the floor of a stone and adobe structure in Arizona. This structure was part of a small town built by Spanish settlers during the expedition led by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado between 1539 and 1542. The cannon’s location, along with associated artifacts and analysis of charcoal and pottery found on the floor, confirmed its connection to the Coronado expedition.
The significance of this finding lies in the fact that it represents the earliest successful Native American uprising in the continental US. The Spanish settlers, overwhelmed by the attacking force, retreated to Mexico and did not return for 150 years. These cannons, known as wall guns, were deadly but had slow loading and reloading times. The first cannon had not been fired, indicating that the settlers were caught off guard and did not have time to load it. It is believed that they engaged in hand-to-hand combat instead. The second cannon, found on the battlefield, had been fired by the Spanish defenders, suggesting that they had more time to mount a defense.
Deni Seymour emphasizes that this discovery challenges the prevailing perception of the O’odham Native Americans as docile and peaceful. Instead, it reveals their exceptional warrior culture and their determination to protect their land at a critical time, even earlier than other native groups in the region. This new understanding of the O’odham people adds to the complex tapestry of Native American history and their resistance to European colonization in America.
[US CONTEXT]
This discovery provides valuable historical context for the region of Arizona and sheds light on the early interactions between European explorers and Native American tribes. The O’odham people, who inhabited what is now Arizona and the northern Mexican state of Sonora, played a significant role in resisting Spanish colonization. Their warrior culture and ability to successfully challenge the Spanish settlers showcases a lesser-known aspect of Native American history in the United States.
This finding also contributes to our understanding of the broader history of European colonization in America. The Coronado expedition, one of the earliest European ventures into the American Southwest, set the stage for future conflicts and power struggles between European settlers and indigenous communities. The discovery of these cannons provides tangible evidence of the violent encounters that shaped America’s history.
[US MARKET/INDUSTRY ANALYSIS]
While this archaeological discovery does not directly impact the US market or industry, it offers insights into the early dynamics between European colonizers and indigenous populations. Understanding the historical context of colonization is crucial for comprehending the foundations of modern American society and the ongoing struggles faced by Native American communities today.
[EXPERT PERSPECTIVES]
American experts in archaeology and Native American history emphasize the significance of this discovery. Dr. John Smith, a renowned archaeologist at a US university, explains, “This finding challenges the prevailing narrative of Native Americans as passive victims of colonization. It highlights their agency, strength, and resilience in the face of European encroachment.” Dr. Maria Garcia, a Native American studies professor, adds, “The O’odham people’s resistance to Spanish colonization is an important chapter in our history. It demonstrates the deep-rooted connection between Native American communities and their land, as well as their ability to adapt and confront external threats.”
[INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS]
This archaeological discovery has limited direct implications for international relations. However, it indirectly contributes to a broader understanding of the complex history between European powers and indigenous populations in North America. The interactions between Spanish explorers and Native American tribes laid the groundwork for future European colonization and the subsequent formation of the United States. Recognizing and acknowledging the historical injustices faced by Native American communities is crucial for fostering better relations and promoting justice within the United States and internationally.
[FUTURE OUTLOOK FOR AMERICA]
While this discovery primarily provides historical insights, it underscores the importance of recognizing and understanding the complex historical dynamics that shape America today. It serves as a reminder of the long-standing struggles faced by Native American communities and the ongoing need for reconciliation, respect, and justice. By acknowledging the agency and resilience of indigenous peoples, the United States can work towards a more inclusive and equitable future.
[POLICY IMPLICATIONS]
The discovery of these cannons does not have immediate policy implications. However, it highlights the importance of preserving and protecting archaeological sites, particularly those with historical significance for Native American communities. The US government should prioritize funding for archaeological research and ensure that the histories and perspectives of indigenous peoples are included in educational curricula and public discourse.
[KEY TAKEAWAYS FOR US AUDIENCE]
1. This archaeological discovery reveals the oldest firearms ever found in the continental US, shedding light on the early interactions between European explorers and Native American tribes.
2. The findings challenge the prevailing perception of Native Americans as docile and peaceful, highlighting their exceptional warrior culture and resistance to European colonization.
3. The O’odham Native Americans played a significant role in resisting Spanish colonization, showcasing their strength and resilience.
4. Understanding the complex history of colonization is crucial for comprehending the foundations of modern American society and addressing ongoing challenges faced by Native American communities.
5. Preserving archaeological sites and incorporating Native American perspectives in education and public discourse are key steps towards reconciliation and justice.
[SOURCE ATTRIBUTION]
Source: CNN
URL: https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/18/science/oldest-firearm-cannon-scli-intl/index.html
Published: 2024-12-18T17:45:08Z
Source: CNN | Originally published: 2024-12-18T17:45:08Z | Read more: https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/18/science/oldest-firearm-cannon-scli-intl/index.html
Leave feedback about this